Scheduling Management in Tunnel Construction Projects Free Essay Example, 1750 words

SCHEDULING MANAGEMENT IN TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS Task: Scheduling Management in Tunnel Construction Projects Introduction Scheduling Management refers to a plan drawn to show the steps followed while conducting a project. Scheduling management acts as guidance to all the scheduling processes involved in plans, and it defines all the protagonists and duties for stakeholders in a project. It explains the capturing, expression and modification of relevant information to the project. Scheduling management helps managers and other project officers to understand the management practices. In order to succeed in the current competition on the project market, all managers should consider scheduling management as it minimizes inefficiency and maximizes the potential to attain the project’s objectives (Kerzner, 2009, p. 45). Scheduling management Scheduling management is very important to any project because it entails helpful techniques applicable while managing activities involved in projects. Managers practice scheduling management before starting up a project, which involves. Pointing out the task that interests an individual, estimating the total period that the task will take, and distributing resources needed to perform that task, finally deciding on when the task will commence. In the procession of a project, monitoring is important as it ensures that scheduling management predicts the future of a project. We will write a custom essay sample on Scheduling Management in Tunnel Construction Projects or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now An effective scheduling management helps the project administrator to ascertain that a project is within the expected cost, time and certain standards of quality (Kerzner, 2009, p. 47). Scheduling management techniques There are two types of scheduling management techniques applied in projects in order to enhance efficiency. These techniques include the Milestone chart and the Gantt chart. In projects, Milestone chart is very imperative as it identifies vital events that occur during the implementation of a project, it usually reflects critical issues in a project, which without controlling on time will lead to delays in a project. Milestone chart is very reasonable about deadlines as it entails installation of equipment, changes in a new system, completion of systems and file conversations. However, Gantt charts occur either in a horizontal bar shape or as a line chart and it indicates the activities that the project entails written in the left hand side of the chart. In addition, it contains the time scale of a project indicated at either the top or bottom of the chart, a line drawn showing the project’s estimated period and another line showing the dependencies among the project activit ies and the time used (Kerzner 2009).

The Chimney Sweeper By William Blake - 1306 Words

William Blake published â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† in 1789 in the first phase of his collection of poems entitled â€Å"Songs of Innocence†. A later poem under the same name was published five years later in his follow up collection, â€Å"Songs of Experience†. The chimney sweeper’s tale begins in Songs of Innocence with the introduction of a young boy who was sold by his father after the death of his mother; the poem then shifts in the next stanza to describe the speaker’s friend Tom Dacre, another chimney sweeper. Tom is a despondent recruit to the profession, and struggles at first with having to cut off his white hair. The speaker comforts him by explaining that the soot would only soil his light hair anyway, and shortly afterward he falls asleep. The poem describes Tom’s dream at length, wherein he sees other chimney sweepers being taken from caskets by an angel and carried to heaven; there they dance naked in carefree bliss. When Tom a wakes, he is reassured and comes to the conclusion that he too can be carefree so long as he does his duty. The later poem in â€Å"Songs of Experience† leaves Tom and his friend behind, switching instead to the perspective of an adult who finds a child chimney sweeper abandoned in the snow. The child explains that he was left there by his parents, who had gone to church; it is unclear whether his parents have died. While the second Chimney Sweeper poem in Songs of Experience could be seen as an essential follow up to the first, it is worth exploringShow MoreRelatedThe Chimney Sweeper By William Blake1487 Words   |  6 Pageschoice but to sell their sons and daughters. Unfortunately, the career that children were forced into was chimney sweeping, which had a terrifyingly high mortality rate. The poem, â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper†, written by William Blake, tells the heartbreaking story of a child who is sold into chimney sweeping at a young age and leads a devastating life. After reading Blake’s poem about the sweepers, one may begin to wonder how it was possible for children to be treated so poorly, and how the king of thatRead MoreThe Chimney Sweepers By William Blake862 Words   |  4 Pages The Chimney Sweepers William Blake has written two poems with the same title of Chimney Sweeper, however each poem was written to portray a different perspective of similar situations. The poem Chimney Sweep (Songs of Experience) is written in a bleaker scope compared to Chimney Sweep (Songs of Innocence) which happens to be much more optimistic.Willaim Blake had written these stories as foils of one another and which has helped readers compare and contrast the messages that the poems are tryingRead MoreThe Chimney Sweeper by William Blake1202 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Blake, author of Songs of Experience, wrote various poems, which are accompanied by their contradicting Songs of Innocence poems. Through the contradiction of both poems, Blake emphasizes the need for both innocence and experience in order to live a good life. In â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper†, Blake shows the life of a young orphan boy. In the songs of innocence poem, the boy is naive and is unaware of the injustice around him; how ever, the songs of experience poem contradict that life style andRead MoreChimney Sweeper William Blake2301 Words   |  10 PagesWilliam Blake proved himself as one of the most influential artists to spring from the Romantic Era without a doubt. What made Blake so popular may have been his ability to portray his time period in works of art that were beautifully crafted. Blake’s poetry was not appreciated during his lifetime because people were living the lives his works vicariously told, but once his time period ended, a historical book was left behind. The theme of a struggle is most prominently showcased in Blake’s poetryRead MoreThe Chimney Sweeper By William Blake1887 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Blake, author of The Chimney Sweeper, gives the reader an uncomfortable feeling of the acceptance, and cruelty of child labor. With the use of anecdote, biblical allusions and a very sympathetic and retributive tone—Blake is able to transform the surreal idea of child labor into a visual reality. The poem revolves around a little boy, who the narrator describes as a â€Å"little black thing†, who is working as a sweeper in very poor and hopeless conditions. Through the voice of the child chimneyRead MoreThe Chimney Sweeper by William Blake515 Words   |  2 PagesWilliam Blake’s poem, â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† is a poem about children losing their innocence and being forced to clean chimneys. The setting is in the industrial period when children in orphanages being sent to work at such a young age. The young boys were usually the ones to be put to work because they were small enough to get into the chimneys and clean them. Children in this era eventually were diagnosed with Black Lung Disease because they inhaled too much soot in their lungs. The poem opensRead MoreThe Chimney Sweeper by William Blake Essay596 Words   |  3 PagesIn the Chimney Sweeper, William Blake portrays the lack of innocence in these young boys lives since they are expected to have attained the experience to preform such unjust actions. The speaker of the poem begins it by letting us know that after his mother passed away his father gave him up to be a chimneysweeper so he could obtain money. These two figures, his mother and father are whom kids are supposed to depend on and look up for guidance. He feels abandoned because his mother is gone andRead MoreSocial Criticism in William Blakes Chimney Sweeper3015 Words   |  13 PagesSocial Criticism in William Blake’s â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† ‘The Chimney Sweeper’ by William Blake criticises child labour and especially society that sees the children’s misery but chooses to look away and it reveals the change of the mental state of those children who were forced to do such cruel work at the age of four to nine years. It shows the change from an innocent child that dreams of its rescue to the child that has accepted its fate. Those lives seem to oppose each other and yet if one readsRead MoreWilliam Blake s Inscription On The Young Chimney Sweepers1382 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Blake s Inscription on the Young Chimney Sweepers By: Kyle Fitch Prof. Joseph McNally Engl. 3312 B April 20, 2015 A key point in the history of mankind was the Industrial Revolution. It was also a difficult time in history in terms of suffering, especially for the lower class that had to work twice as hard as the upper class for minimum wage. A young poet by the name of William Blake became livid and motivated in the late eighteenth century by the coldhearted usage of young boysRead MoreThe Chimney Sweeper and London by William Blake and Tich Miller and Timothy Winters2299 Words   |  10 PagesThe two poems â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† and â€Å"London† by William Blake, and the two poems â€Å"Tich Miller† and â€Å"Timothy Winters† are all on a theme of childhood, however, they are set in different eras and so childhood should be very different. Discuss this, comparing and contrasting the poems. As a child, William Blake was a loner. He never socialised with other children and sat by himself reading the Bible. His family were very religious, but did not agree with organised religion. This meant

Internal Revenue Code and Automobiles

Question: Discuss about the Internal Revenue Code and Automobiles. Answer: Introduction: Rulings on taxation 92/3 of Income Tax Assessment Act specify the provisions on tax liability on the profits incurred from the transactions apart from the transactions in the ordinary course of business. Isolated transaction is the transaction that takes place other than the business and profession or if it has been conducted by the non- business assesses. Considering the taxability of the income from isolated transaction, it would be added to the assessable income of the assessee if the taxpayers purpose is to incur profit or gain from the transaction. Further, the income earned by the Australian resident either directly or indirectly shall be computable as an ordinary income as per section 6-5 of Income Tax Assessment Act (ITAA) 1997 (Heckemeyer and Overesch 2013). Considering the present case, Peta acquired a house, two years ago at Kew, Australia, which had two tennis court attached. She bought the house property for the purpose of residence and for constructing the housing units on the tennis courts, which is meant to be sold at profit in the future years. However, in the current taxation year Peta received an offer for the sale of tennis courts provided it remain in good condition. Peta used $100,000 for renovating the old tennis court into good condition and sold the same for $600,000. As per section, 6-5 of ITAA97 profit or gain from the sale of property considers as an ordinary income if the same has been transacted in the ordinary course of business. On the contrary, if the profit earned from the sale of the property does not constitute the business of the assessee then the same will be regarded as the capital income. In the present situation, sale of tennis courts in the current tax year was not a part of Petas ordinary business course therefore, it has been considered as income from isolated transaction as per taxation ruling 92/3. Considering the decided case of The Myer Emporium Ltd (1987) v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation 163 CLR 199, tax liability of the profit or gain earned from isolated transaction is based on the intention or purpose of the assessee. It has been stated that if the purpose of the assessee is to earn profit from the sale of the property then the same will be included in the assessable income (Benshalom 2013). However, if the assessees objective is not to earn income from the property sale, which is not in the ordinary course of the business then the income, will be considered as a capital income of the taxpayer. Based on the case of Westfield Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation, the assessee contended the argument on inclusive of income in the assessable income from the sale of parcel of land. The company contended that the intention of the taxpayer was not to earn profit from the sale of land and therefore the same should not be considered as an ordinary income of the taxpayer. According to the provisions and taxation rules 92/3, the court decided the profit would not be included in the assessable income since the intention of the taxpayer company was not incur profit or gain (Haufler and Sthler 2013). Therefore, the income by way of sale of property would be considered as a capital income and not as a revenue income. Moreover, in the present situation Peta acquired the house property including the tennis court with the intention to reside in one part and to earn profit from the sale of units on tennis courts. On the contrary, the nature of the transaction for sale of tennis court was not in the ordinary course of Petas business. The residential purpose in one of the parts of the house property was considered to be the investment made by Peta. As per the taxation rulings 92/3 the transaction entered on sale of tennis court would be regarded as income from an isolated transaction as Peta was not engaged in the ordinary business of sale of property (Schfer et al. 2012). Therefore, the tax liability of the income earned by Peta from the isolated transaction would be analyzed as per the purpose or intention to conduct the sale of tennis court. It had been observed that the intention of Peta for buying the house property was for residential purpose and the intention to buy the tennis court was to sale the same at profit. Hence, the profit incurred from the sale of tennis court would be included in the assessable income of Peta at $500,000 ($600,000- $100,000) as per ITAA 97 in the current taxation year. Consequences of Fringe Benefit Tax for ABC Pty Ltd The provisions of Fringe Benefit Tax Assessment Act (FBTAA) 1986 regulate fringe benefits provided by the employers to the workers and staffs. Additionally, taxability of the allowances in terms of fringe benefit is regulated by the taxation ruling 97/17 of ITAA 97. Fringe benefit according to the section 136 FBTAA 1986 is defined as the advantages or benefits provided by the employer in lieu of services rendered by the employers or workers (Hodgson and Pearce 2015). On the benefits provided to the employee, the employers are obligated to pay tax on the benefits according to the percentage as mentioned in the taxation rulings. In the given situation, ABC Pty Ltd offered allowances to its employee Alan in the current taxation year 2016, which is required to be taxed on the basis of FBTAA 1986 and ITAA 97. As per the section 136 in FBTAA 1986 taxability of benefits provided by employer is measured by considering higher gross- up rate as well as lower gross- up rate (Pearce and Hodgson 2015). According to the taxation ruling 97/17, Higher gross- up rate is applicable to the assesses for determining the taxable value of fringe benefits who pays Goods and Services Tax (GST) on the amount of the benefit. It is also known as type 1. Moreover, the benefit providers including the GST are entitled to claim credit on GST, which is known as Gross Credible Benefits. On the contrary, Lower gross- up rate is applicable to the taxpayers not entitled to claim credit on GST because the employers do not pay GST on the value of benefits provided to the employees (Kelliher 2014). According to the section 58 X, FBTAA 1986, several allowances provided by the employers are considered as exempted benefits. Any benefits provided by the employer or any reimbursements made by the employers in lieu of the expenditures related to the employers work falls under the exempted benefits as contained in the TR97/17. In case the amount of benefit or any property is provided by the employer related to the business or work then the same would be included in the exempted benefits as per section 58X of FBTAA 1986. Such exempted items includes electronic gadgets of mobile, computer peripherals, software, office bag or briefcase, protective clothes or any tools or appliances related to work (Webster, Guo and O'Connell 2014). Considering the stated provisions and taxation rulings, tax consequences of the benefits provided by ABC Pty Ltd to Alan explained as under: Salary payment under a remuneration package: Section 58X FBTAA 1986 provides the consequences of fringe benefits for the payment of salary to the employees that are associated to the employers work. It states that the amount of salary provided by the employer would not be liable for taxability in the hands of the employer in the current taxation year (King and Case 2015). Therefore, payment of salary $300,000 provided by ABC Ltd to Alan constitute as exempted fringe benefit because the payment was related to the companys work as at 31 March 2016. Mobile phone bill payment: The payment of bill for the mobile phone amounted to $220 per month included the payment of GST. ABC Ltd reimbursed it for the phone given to Alan for the purpose of work therefore, the taxable value of the payment would be considered by using the high- gross up value. According to the TR 97/17 ITAA 97 and section 58X FBTAA 1986, payments or allowances paid for the mobile phone is exempted but the allowances for bill amount is taxable under the provision of fringe benefits. Hence, the company is liable to pay tax on the assessable value of mobile bill at the rate of 49% for the current year ended on 31 March 2016. Phone bill allowance (including GST) (i) $ 2,640.00 ($220.00* 12 months) Higher Gross up rate (ii) 2.1463 Taxable amount of allowance (i* ii) $ 5,666.232 Tax on Fringe Benefit @ 49% on $ 5,666.232 as on 31 March, 2016 $ 2,776.453 (Subject to the input tax credits or GST credits) Table 1: FBT on mobile bill payment (Sources: Created by author) Allowances on childrens education fees: The Company offered the allowances on payment of education fees for Alans children on the yearly basis amounted to $20,000, which was exclusive of GST. Considering the provision and taxation ruling 97/17, ABC Ltd is liable to pay tax on assessable value of education fees by using the lower gross- up rate. Education fees (GST free) (i) $ 20,000.00 Lower gross- up rate (ii) 1.9608 Taxable value (i* ii) $ 39,216.00 Tax on Fringe Benefit @ 49% on $ 39,216.00 as on 31 March 2016 $ 19,215.84 Table 2: FBT on education fees payment (Sources: Created by author) Benefit of mobile phone: ABC Limited provided the mobile device to Alan the amount of which was inclusive of GST charges. According to the section 58X FBTAA 1986, amount paid for mobile device is an exempted benefit if the same is provided for the purpose of work. Since the purpose of providing benefit on mobile device is not mentioned following three situations would be considered as follows: Firstly, in case the phone is assumed to be provided by the company is for work purpose, then the amount of mobile device $2,000 falls under the exempted fringe benefit as per section 58X FBTAA1986. Secondly, in case the device is used by Alan for the personal purpose then the company is liable to pay tax on the assessable value. Further, the assessable value should be computed by using higher gross- up rate because the amount is inclusive of GST. Cost of the handset (including GST) (i) $ 2,000.00 Higher Gross up rate (ii) 2.1463 Taxable value (i* ii) $ 4,292.60 Tax on Fringe Benefit @ 49% on $ 4,292.60 as on 31 March 2016 $ 2,103.37 (Subject to the input tax credits or GST credits) Table 3: FBT on mobile phone handset (Sources: Created by author) Thirdly, in case the mobile device is partly used by used by Alan for personal purpose as well as partly for the work purpose then the amount allocated for work is considered to be exempted as per TR97/17. On the other hand, the amount allocated for the personal use of the phone by Alan should be taxable according to TR97/17. However, it is difficult to segregate the division of amount of mobile phone therefore; it has been assumed that the phone has been utilized for personal purpose. Hence, the same will be taxable as determined in the second option. Expenses incurred on dinner party: TR 97/17 of ITAA 97 requires the taxability of allowances provided by employer on the entertainment by way of food and drink. Since the dinner party organized by ABC Ltd falls under the category of entertainment by way of food and drink, the company is entitled to pay tax on the assessable value of the expenses spent for the party. Computation of fringe benefit tax for the year ended 31 March 2016 Total cost of dinner including GST (i) $ 6,600.00 Higher Gross up rate (ii) 2.1463 Taxable value (i* ii) $14,165.58 Tax on Fringe Benefit @ 49% on $ 14,165.58 $ 6,941.13 (Subject to the input tax credits or GST credits) Table 4: FBT on entertainment allowance (Sources: Created by author) Consequences of FBT if there were 5 employees Tax liability on the amount of benefits offered by the company cannot be determined based on the number of employees. The taxability on the expenses or allowances depends on the nature and reason for the utilization of the amount of benefits. Therefore, the tax consequences on the expenses spent on dinner party would remain same even if the number of employees were 5 instead of 20 employees. Consequences of FBT if the clients also attend the annual party In case, the clients of ABC Pty Ltd attend the annual party then the cost of the dinner would not be constituted as fringe benefit since it is related to the employees only. If the clients of the company attend the dinner party, then such expenses would be considered as business expenses. The company would be eligible to claim deduction on such expenses according to ITAA97. Reference List Benshalom, I., 2013. Rethinking the Source of the Arm's-Length Transfer Pricing Problem.Virginia Tax Review,32(3), pp.425-459. Haufler, A. and Sthler, F., 2013. Tax competition in a simple model with heterogeneous firms: How larger markets reduce profit taxes.International Economic Review,54(2), pp.665-692. Heckemeyer, J. and Overesch, M., 2013. Multinationals' profit response to tax differentials: Effect size and shifting channels.ZEW-Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper, (13-045). Hodgson, H. and Pearce, P., 2015. TravelSmart or travel tax breaks: is the fringe benefits tax a barrier to active commuting in Australia? 1.eJournal of Tax Research,13(3), p.819. Kelliher, C.F., 2014. A Tax Planning Case Using a Taxpayer Life-Cycle Approach.Advances in Accounting Behavioral Research (Advances in Accounting Behavioral Research, Volume 17) Emerald Group Publishing Limited,17, pp.119-160. King, D. and Case, C., 2015. AAn international individual income tax comparsion: the united states, australia, and united kingdom.Editorial review board, p.77. Pearce, P. and Hodgson, H., 2015. Promoting smart travel through tax policy.Tax Specialist,19(1), p.2. Schfer, D., Schulmeister, S., Vella, J., Masciandaro, D., Passarelli, F. and Buckley, R.P., 2012. The financial transaction taxBoon or bane?.Intereconomics,47(2), pp.76-103. Webster, M., Guo, Y.M. and O'Connell, A., 2014. Expatriate employees and consultants working in China.Austl. Tax F.,29, p.587.